Which factor is most likely to initiate ecological succession?

Ecological succession is commonly initiated by disturbances that create opportunities for new species to colonize an area. A natural disaster, such as a fire, flood, or landslide, can alter the existing environment significantly, clearing out vegetation and disrupting ecosystems. This disturbance opens up space and resources, allowing pioneer species to establish themselves first. These pioneer species help to modify the environment, making it more suitable for other species to follow, ultimately leading to a more diverse and stable community through the process of ecological succession.

While the introduction of new species could influence an ecosystem, it is generally not a primary driver of ecological succession, and a stable climate does not trigger changes in biodiversity or community composition. Increased biodiversity can be a result of succession but is not a factor that initiates it. Therefore, a natural disaster or disturbance is most directly linked to the beginning of the process of succession.