What is ecological succession?

Ecological succession refers to the gradual process of change and development in ecosystems over time. This phenomenon occurs as communities of organisms — ranging from plants to animals — undergo a series of changes that lead to the establishment of a more stable and mature ecosystem. There are two primary types of succession: primary succession, which happens in lifeless areas where soil has not yet formed (such as after a volcanic eruption), and secondary succession, which occurs in areas where a disturbance has destroyed an existing community but left the soil intact (such as after a forest fire).

As succession progresses, species composition shifts, new species are introduced, and the overall structure of the ecosystem evolves. This process often enhances biodiversity and can lead to the establishment of a climax community, which is a relatively stable endpoint of succession. Recognizing ecological succession is essential for understanding how ecosystems respond to environmental changes and disturbances over time.